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Briefing Paper
Updated April 2007

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Victimization: One of the consequences of failing to treat individuals with severe psychiatric disorders

 

SUMMARY: Multiple studies have shown that individuals with severe psychiatric disorders are especially vulnerable to being victimized. This frequently involves acts such as theft of clothing or money but also includes assault, rape, or being killed. Women who have a severe psychiatric disorder are especially vulnerable. Some of the studies suggest that individuals who are victimized are less likely to have been compliant with their medication. This association is strongly supported by the 2002 North Carolina study by Hiday et al., which showed that individuals with severe psychiatric disorders who were on outpatient commitment, and thus were taking their medication regularly, were victimized only half as often as those who were not on outpatient commitment.

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Friedman S, Harrison G. Sexual histories, attitudes, and behavior of schizophrenic and "normal" women. Archives of Sexual Behavior 13:555–567, 1984.

Lehman AF, Linn LS. Crimes against discharged mental patients in board-and-care homes. American Journal of Psychiatry 141:271–274, 1984.

Padgett DK, Struening EL. Victimization and traumatic injuries among the homeless: associations with alcohol, drug, and mental problems. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62:525–534, 1992.

Darvez-Bornoz J-M, Lemperiere T, Degiovanni A, Grillard P. Sexual victimization in women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 30:78–84, 1995.

Goodman LA, Dutton MA, Harris M. Episodically homeless women with serious mental illness: prevalence of physical and sexual assault. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 65:468–478, 1995.

Cascardi M, Mueser KT, DeGiralomo J, Murrin M. Physical aggression against psychiatric inpatients by family members and partners. Psychiatric Services 47:531–-533, 1996.

It seems likely that common cognitive and behavioral manifestations of schizophrenia—such as limited reality testing, impaired judgment, planning difficulties, and difficulty with social relationships—increase an individual’s vulnerability to physical abuse and to coercive or exploitative sexual relationships.

Goodman LA, Rosenberg SD, Mueser KT, Drake RE. Physical and sexual assault history in women with serious mental illness: prevalence, correlates, treatment, and future research directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin 23:685–696, 1997.

Hiday VA, Swartz MS, Swanson JW, Borum R, Wagner HR. Criminal victimization of persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services 50:62–68, 1999.

Hiroeh U, Appleby L, Mortensen PB, Dunn G. Death by homicide, suicide and other unnatural causes in people with mental illness: a population-based study. Lancet 358:2110–2112, 2001.

Eckert LO, Sugar N, Fine D. Characteristics of sexual assault in women with a major psychiatric diagnosis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186:1284–1291, 2002.

Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW et. al. Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community. Psychiatric Services 52:1358–1366, 2001.

Silver E. Mental disorder and violent victimization: the mediating role of involvement in conflicted social relationships. Criminology 40:191–211, 2002.

Gearon JS, Bellack AS, Brown CH. Sexual and physical abuse in women with schizophrenia: prevalence and risk factors. Schizophrenia Research 60:38, 2003.

Sells DJ, Rowe M, Fisk D et. al. Violent victimization of persons with co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services 54:1253–1257, 2003.

Walsh E, Moran P, Scott C et. al. Prevalence of violent victimization in severe mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 183:233–238, 2003.

Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM et al. Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 62:911–921, 2005..

Assisted treatment reduces victimization

The authors suggest that "outpatient commitment reduces criminal victimization through improving treatment adherence, decreasing substance abuse, and diminishing violent incidents" that may evoke retaliation. They believe the reduction of victimization works as follows:

Medication adherence can be expected to reduce symptoms of severe mental illness and thus reduce victimization. Psychotic symptoms and bizarre behavior can lead to tense and conflictual situations, which, in turn, may result in a patient's victimization-either because others become violent toward the patient or because the patient lashes out physically and others react with stronger violence. By facilitating adherence and ensuring more consistent follow-up, outpatient commitment may lead to reduced symptoms, better functioning in social relationships, and improved judgment. In turn, these changes should lessen a person's vulnerability to abuse by others and lower the probability of becoming involved in dangerous situations where victimization is more likely.

Hiday VA, Swartz MS, Swanson JW, Borum R, Wagner HR. Impact of outpatient commitment on victimization of people with severe mental illness. Am J Psychiatry 159:1403–1411, 2002.

Anecdotally, the tragedies continue to accumulate…

Oregon Herald, September 12, 2005

New York Daily News, November 14, 2004

Houston Chronicle, July 3, 2004

San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 18, 1988

The New York Times, Nov. 20, 1990

The New York Times, Jan. 12, 1992

The New York Times, Sept. 7, 1995

 


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